This is actually very poor statistics. Take a look at the actual study: https://www.jhep-reports.eu/article/S2589-5559(22)00122-7/fulltext https://www.jhep-rep

This is actually very poor statistics. Take a look at the actual study: https://www.jhep-reports.eu/article/S2589-5559(22)00122-7/fulltext https://www.jhep-reports.eu/article/S2589-5559(22)00122-7/fu... And look at table 3. They are testing 6 different types of PFAS, and only 1 is statistically significant. They need to be using the Bonferroni Correction because they are checking multiple hypothesis. To do that, you divide the required p-value (0.05) by the number of tests (6). If you do the Bonferroni Correction, none of the PFAS is statistically significant. Relevant XKCD: https://xkcd.com/882/ https://xkcd.com/882/ Thus the real conclusion is that the study did not find any statistically significant link between 'forever chemicals' and liver cancer.