Carbon emissions is a big one. Since the climate is far from equilibrium, temperature goes as something like the time-integral of excess carbon concentration.

Carbon emissions is a big one. Since the climate is far from equilibrium, temperature goes as something like the time-integral of excess carbon concentration. CO2 concentration goes with the integral of total emissions. So emissions is roughly the second derivative of temperature. But public policy discussions are often taking place on the level of slowing the rate of emissions growth. Which is about four derivatives up from temperature.