There are genes that can create sub cellular nanoparticles as well. i guess you could genetically edit germline gene modifications or even genetic modification

There are genes that can create sub cellular nanoparticles as well. i guess you could genetically edit germline gene modifications or even genetic modification post viable organism to create "in situ" nanoparticles https://www.nature.com/articles/am201590 https://www.nature.com/articles/am201590 Optogenetics can be more invasive than what we see with the fruit flies as they usually involve running fiberoptics directly to the desired nerves. Also potentially more useful in growing tissues in petri dishes. new muscle tissue for heart/ethical meat you name it. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437765/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437765/ What we are seeing is sub second rudimentary brainwave manipulation. Literally a rudimentary remote controlled fly.