Even in the author's example most of them are ad-hominem. The author's enlightened view is that in order for the argument to be ad-hominem it needs to be explic

Even in the author's example most of them are ad-hominem. The author's enlightened view is that in order for the argument to be ad-hominem it needs to be explicit. If you make an argument and my response is "you are an asshole" it is implied that I am replying to your argument and I am attacking your character. Those are the only required criteria. My response does not have to directly relate to the argument being made, it just has to be an attack of character instead of the substance of the argument. My calling the person an asshole maybe a bad argument made because I lack anything better or it could have been made to imply that the person making the argument did so with an ulterior motive of expressinf their asshole character.