> And one reason is because there is so much surface level learning available, which is so easy and interesting to consume, that anything that takes work and ti

> And one reason is because there is so much surface level learning available, which is so easy and interesting to consume, that anything that takes work and time is postponed, and eventually conditioned to be ignored. I also work with youth. I don't agree. I see youth go broad and go deep. There's terrific variation in aptitudes to go deep, but it's certainly out there. Most of us didn't live at the library and look for deep resources (you and I did). I think a bigger fraction of youth accomplish high levels of aptitude and find areas to go deep in than ever before. I do think there's fundamental change-- not all of it negative. We had to plan our next move at the library, right? We had to think a long time for what a good next move was in our area of interest. Youth now can afford to be infinitely more speculative than we ever were able to get away with. And, yes, smartphones and their social pressures add completely new problems and distractions, and many educational environments do not manage them well.