> if a nudge is ineffective, then its result will be random Ineffective and random are different. Ineffective means that the effect size is smaller than requir

> if a nudge is ineffective, then its result will be random Ineffective and random are different. Ineffective means that the effect size is smaller than required. For example, if you read "Paracetamol was ineffective for pain relief after surgery" it doesn't necessarily mean that the effect of paracetamol is unpredictable, inconsistent, immeasurable, or that it had no effect or negative effect. You would most likely interpret it to mean that the paracetamol did have an effect but it was insufficient - the patient was still in too much pain. Similarly, if a nudge intervention was ineffective, it doesn't tell you how it failed, only that it didn't reach the threshold for success. And it certainly doesn't tell you anything about how well an aggregate of some effective and some ineffective results would perform.