You can still use a null, however the point being made here is that null was failed to be included at type level. See these for reference * https://kotlinlang

You can still use a null, however the point being made here is that null was failed to be included at type level. See these for reference * https://kotlinlang.org/docs/null-safety.html https://kotlinlang.org/docs/null-safety.html * https://dart.dev/null-safety https://dart.dev/null-safety * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/nullable-references#null-state-analysis https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/nullable-refe... An orthogonal approach would be using a data type such as Maybe or Option, but ergonomics depends on language.