I think you are being hasty. Japan has amazing mask discipline which could account for the differences. Also, like many countries train travel was reduced durin

I think you are being hasty. Japan has amazing mask discipline which could account for the differences. Also, like many countries train travel was reduced during the pandemic as more companies began allowing telecommuting and flexible hours. Second, I found a wealth of articles just by searching: japan train ventilation Train operators already have good methods in place: https://www.jreast.co.jp/e/customer_support/corona-info/index.html https://www.jreast.co.jp/e/customer_support/corona-info/inde... It looks like the frequent stops are very good at ventilating the trains: https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2020112601115/ https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2020112601115/ But they recognize the the problem: https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2020/07/trains-and-crowded-areas-need-ventilation-to-prevent-covid19-spread-study-shows/ https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2020/07/trains-and...