It's more nuanced than that: it may not even be obvious if someone is actually wrong. Most citations discuss related work, rather than direct replications; the

It's more nuanced than that: it may not even be obvious if someone is actually wrong. Most citations discuss related work, rather than direct replications; the latter are incredibly rare in most fields. As a result, the authors are piecing together a theory using data from many groups, each using different species, different techniques, and different conditions. Some of these might reflect legitimate differences between perfectly conducted, reasonably interpreted experiments.