The BSD socket API on many systems implements a raw socket type[1], so you can use the socket APIs to talk raw IP. Some systems (Linux, Darwin) also implement

The BSD socket API on many systems implements a raw socket type[1], so you can use the socket APIs to talk raw IP. Some systems (Linux, Darwin) also implement a special icmp socket type which can allow unprivileged ping. [1]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/ip.7.html https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/ip.7.html