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From my wikipedia dive: the Voyager spacecraft are powered by "radioisotope thermoelectric generators", each of which is essentially a barrel full of plutonium

by ender7 15y ago

From my wikipedia dive: the Voyager spacecraft are powered by "radioisotope thermoelectric generators", each of which is essentially a barrel full of plutonium spheres. As the plutonium decays, it generates heat. The resulting heat differential (one area is now hot, some other part of the craft remains cold) is then used to generate electricity via the Seebeck effect. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2#Power http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2#Power http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_gen... Also known as "things we really hope the press never hears about".

jparise 15y ago
"Collectively, the RTGs supply the spacecraft with 470 watts at launch and will allow operations to continue until at least 2020."
hammock 15y ago
That's interesting. I always thought it was a small nuclear reactor onboard. I don't see why the press/public would freak out to know that nuclear power is being used on a space probe 9 billion miles away.
- dalke 15y ago
  Because it's launched from the earth, and rockets have an unfortunate tendency to blow up at times. That's why the RTG's are designed to re-enter safely even if there's an explosion. Even after it leaves orbit, the probes loop back to use the Earth for gravitational assist and there's a minuscule chance that it will crash; with odds something like 1:1000000. In the absolute let's-imagine-the-impossible worst case scenario, an additional few thousand people are expected to get cancer. Summarize that as "but if it crashes into the Earth, thousands of people will die!"
  - InclinedPlane 15y ago
    Even the hugely improbable worst case scenario of an RTG powered spacecraft impacting the Earth during a flyby is unlikely to lead to any increased deaths per se. In such a scenario (again, astronomically unlikely) the RTGs fuel would vaporize in the upper atmosphere and ultimately add a very tiny additional contribution to the global background radiation level.
    - _delirium 15y ago
      This is a pretty thorough analysis of the risks/outcomes along those lines: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/Syllabi/97Dartmouth/day-6/risk.html http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/Syllabi/97Dartmouth/...
      - dalke 15y ago
        That document estimates 120 extra cancer deaths, should the nearly-impossible flyby reentry occur. However, a better text is the Cassini Final Environmental Impact Statement, chapter 2 (http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/safety/chap2.pdf http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/safety/chap2.pdf). Table 2-8 estimates 4500 deaths, assuming there is no lower limit for radiation exposure, or 15 deaths if you exclude those with under 1/1000 rem exposure.
    - Natsu 15y ago
      > In such a scenario (again, astronomically unlikely) the RTGs fuel would vaporize in the upper atmosphere and ultimately add a very tiny additional contribution to the global background radiation level. In that case, the media would spend all their time talking about how many billions of becquerels of plutonium got released into the ocean (or atmosphere, or wherever), not having any directly-attributable deaths to point to or any other large measurements to use.
      - InclinedPlane 15y ago
        The media can't do math, they'd try to compare it to some other thing (like Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, or Hiroshima) and probably get it wrong by a factor of 1,000 one way or another.
  - cop359 15y ago
    How about if the rocket blows up on launch? Wouldn't the launch pad area be covered it aerosolized plutonium?
    - dalke 15y ago
      No. Most of it would be in ceramic chunks, which are much less dangerous.
- aaronbrethorst 15y ago
  I don't think anyone cares about nuclear power being used on a space probe 9 billion miles away. People do care about said space probe flying up and out of our atmosphere, just like they did with the Cassini probe[1]. [1] http://motherjones.com/politics/1997/09/cassini-controversy http://motherjones.com/politics/1997/09/cassini-controversy
- rsynnott 15y ago
  The only production spacecraft with actual reactors were the Soviet RORSAT (US/A) radar surveillance satellites. The US also launched one test reactor, SNAP-10A.
dalke 15y ago
The press has long known about this. There were and are a number of protests each time an RTG-based probe is launched.
- InclinedPlane 15y ago
  There was a huge outcry for Cassini's launch. Of course, I doubt very many of those folks would own up to having been against Cassini now with all of the fantastic results we've received.
  - ars 15y ago
    The outcry for Cassini was because they were going to use Earth for a slingshot boost. People were worried they would miss and it would crash (despite a gravitational slingshot never having failed in that way in any other launch). In response NASA ordered Cassini to navigate slightly away from Earth, and NASA would transmit orders for it to redirect to earth at the last minute. It made no real sense, but I suppose this way just in case NASA vanished into a alien portal Cassini would not crash into the earth :)
- allanscu 15y ago
  If I recall correctly, the Galileo probe (around 1989) had the same problems from anti-nuke folks that feared a radiation fall-out if the shuttle exploded while bringing the satellite into space.
  - robin_reala 15y ago
    As did Cassini in 1997. The protesters have a point (although as ever overstate the problem) but there’s not much option for power that far out from the sun.
retube 15y ago
RTGs have been powering deep space probes since the beginning of our travels into space. It's really the only technology that will keep a craft powered for many years/decades. Without them you simply can't do these kinds of missions. And they're not that scary. There's no fission (or fusion) happening here. It's just a radioactive sample that heats a surrounding material by it's natural radioactive decay.
- windsurfer 15y ago
  When isotopes decay, the process is known as fission, so there is certainly fission going on.
  - burgerbrain 15y ago
    He means there is no sustained chain reaction going on. It's neither critical nor supercritical. I have a chunk of uranium ore on my bookshelf doing it right now.
    - tobylane 15y ago
      Where from, what cost, any requirements for potential owners?
      - sp332 15y ago
        Here you go http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=2_5 http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath... Shipped direct from Oak Ridge!
      - burgerbrain 15y ago
        I got it from a geologist buddy of mine a few years ago, I think he said he found it lying around in Arizona. It's fairly harmless, just looks like a rock really (unless you have a gieger counter). As far as I know, there are no restrictions on such things. You can pick up pieces of uranium glass and old fiestaware on ebay for a couple of bucks (both about as radioactive as my rock :)
jodrellblank 15y ago
Just wait until they hear about the RTG powered pacemakers, first implanted in 1970. ( http://home.comcast.net/~dprutchi/nuclear_pacemakers.pdf http://home.comcast.net/~dprutchi/nuclear_pacemakers.pdf ) [PDF]
roedog 15y ago
I don't know if it's so bad if the press hears about the nuclear batteries. It might distract them from the larger risks involved with launching a satellite. For example, the tank of hydrazine used for the propulsion system. If that springs a leak there is a highly unstable and toxic gas all over your launch site - even after the giant fireball it causes destroys your satellite. Next I would worry about the ready to explode rocket stack beneath the satellite. If that explodes on your town it will hurt many, many more people than the thermoelectric generator that was incinerated in the explosion.
- rsynnott 15y ago
  > If that springs a leak there is a highly unstable and toxic gas all over your launch site - even after the giant fireball it causes destroys your satellite. This actually happened at least once to a Soviet Proton (UR-500) rocket; it was a big factor in the cancellation of the much larger UR-700.
Luyt 15y ago
"The main element of these deep-space NASA missions that fuels the conspiracy is the RTGs, or radioisotope thermoelectric generators, that power space probes such as Cassini, Galileo, Voyager, and others. Past Mars there's not enough sunlight to provide the power a spacecraft needs, and so these RTGs are the only option we have. We've mentioned them before on Skeptoid: Russia has used similar generators to power about 150 lighthouses along its extremely remote northern coast. Heat from a radioactive element, usually plutonium-238, goes through a thermocouple, which is a material that produces a direct electrical current when heat is applied to it. RTGs have no moving parts and are extremely simple and reliable." Brian Dunning writes this in 'The Lucifer Project', http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4143 http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4143. Some people "conjecture that such a payload of radioactive material would act like an atomic bomb in the high-pressure depths of a gas giant, and they suppose that this would somehow ignite the entire planet, turning the whole thing into a small star." The Lucifer Project is about turning Jupiter into a second Sun.
wcchandler 15y ago
This is a good animation of them working (animated GIF): http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/TECB/videos/animation_TDC_01_jeff.gif http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/TECB/videos/animation_TDC_01_jef...

by ender7 15y ago

jparise 15y ago

"Collectively, the RTGs supply the spacecraft with 470 watts at launch and will allow operations to continue until at least 2020."

hammock 15y ago

That's interesting. I always thought it was a small nuclear reactor onboard. I don't see why the press/public would freak out to know that nuclear power is being used on a space probe 9 billion miles away.

dalke 15y ago
Because it's launched from the earth, and rockets have an unfortunate tendency to blow up at times. That's why the RTG's are designed to re-enter safely even if there's an explosion. Even after it leaves orbit, the probes loop back to use the Earth for gravitational assist and there's a minuscule chance that it will crash; with odds something like 1:1000000. In the absolute let's-imagine-the-impossible worst case scenario, an additional few thousand people are expected to get cancer. Summarize that as "but if it crashes into the Earth, thousands of people will die!"
- InclinedPlane 15y ago
  Even the hugely improbable worst case scenario of an RTG powered spacecraft impacting the Earth during a flyby is unlikely to lead to any increased deaths per se. In such a scenario (again, astronomically unlikely) the RTGs fuel would vaporize in the upper atmosphere and ultimately add a very tiny additional contribution to the global background radiation level.
  - _delirium 15y ago
    This is a pretty thorough analysis of the risks/outcomes along those lines: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/Syllabi/97Dartmouth/day-6/risk.html http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/course/Syllabi/97Dartmouth/...
    - dalke 15y ago
      That document estimates 120 extra cancer deaths, should the nearly-impossible flyby reentry occur. However, a better text is the Cassini Final Environmental Impact Statement, chapter 2 (http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/safety/chap2.pdf http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/safety/chap2.pdf). Table 2-8 estimates 4500 deaths, assuming there is no lower limit for radiation exposure, or 15 deaths if you exclude those with under 1/1000 rem exposure.
  - Natsu 15y ago
    > In such a scenario (again, astronomically unlikely) the RTGs fuel would vaporize in the upper atmosphere and ultimately add a very tiny additional contribution to the global background radiation level. In that case, the media would spend all their time talking about how many billions of becquerels of plutonium got released into the ocean (or atmosphere, or wherever), not having any directly-attributable deaths to point to or any other large measurements to use.
    - InclinedPlane 15y ago
      The media can't do math, they'd try to compare it to some other thing (like Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, or Hiroshima) and probably get it wrong by a factor of 1,000 one way or another.
- cop359 15y ago
  How about if the rocket blows up on launch? Wouldn't the launch pad area be covered it aerosolized plutonium?
  - dalke 15y ago
    No. Most of it would be in ceramic chunks, which are much less dangerous.
aaronbrethorst 15y ago
I don't think anyone cares about nuclear power being used on a space probe 9 billion miles away. People do care about said space probe flying up and out of our atmosphere, just like they did with the Cassini probe[1]. [1] http://motherjones.com/politics/1997/09/cassini-controversy http://motherjones.com/politics/1997/09/cassini-controversy
rsynnott 15y ago
The only production spacecraft with actual reactors were the Soviet RORSAT (US/A) radar surveillance satellites. The US also launched one test reactor, SNAP-10A.

dalke 15y ago

The press has long known about this. There were and are a number of protests each time an RTG-based probe is launched.

InclinedPlane 15y ago
There was a huge outcry for Cassini's launch. Of course, I doubt very many of those folks would own up to having been against Cassini now with all of the fantastic results we've received.
- ars 15y ago
  The outcry for Cassini was because they were going to use Earth for a slingshot boost. People were worried they would miss and it would crash (despite a gravitational slingshot never having failed in that way in any other launch). In response NASA ordered Cassini to navigate slightly away from Earth, and NASA would transmit orders for it to redirect to earth at the last minute. It made no real sense, but I suppose this way just in case NASA vanished into a alien portal Cassini would not crash into the earth :)
allanscu 15y ago
If I recall correctly, the Galileo probe (around 1989) had the same problems from anti-nuke folks that feared a radiation fall-out if the shuttle exploded while bringing the satellite into space.
- robin_reala 15y ago
  As did Cassini in 1997. The protesters have a point (although as ever overstate the problem) but there’s not much option for power that far out from the sun.

retube 15y ago

RTGs have been powering deep space probes since the beginning of our travels into space. It's really the only technology that will keep a craft powered for many years/decades. Without them you simply can't do these kinds of missions. And they're not that scary. There's no fission (or fusion) happening here. It's just a radioactive sample that heats a surrounding material by it's natural radioactive decay.

windsurfer 15y ago
When isotopes decay, the process is known as fission, so there is certainly fission going on.
- burgerbrain 15y ago
  He means there is no sustained chain reaction going on. It's neither critical nor supercritical. I have a chunk of uranium ore on my bookshelf doing it right now.
  - tobylane 15y ago
    Where from, what cost, any requirements for potential owners?
    - sp332 15y ago
      Here you go http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=2_5 http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath... Shipped direct from Oak Ridge!
    - burgerbrain 15y ago
      I got it from a geologist buddy of mine a few years ago, I think he said he found it lying around in Arizona. It's fairly harmless, just looks like a rock really (unless you have a gieger counter). As far as I know, there are no restrictions on such things. You can pick up pieces of uranium glass and old fiestaware on ebay for a couple of bucks (both about as radioactive as my rock :)

jodrellblank 15y ago

Just wait until they hear about the RTG powered pacemakers, first implanted in 1970. ( http://home.comcast.net/~dprutchi/nuclear_pacemakers.pdf http://home.comcast.net/~dprutchi/nuclear_pacemakers.pdf ) [PDF]

roedog 15y ago

I don't know if it's so bad if the press hears about the nuclear batteries. It might distract them from the larger risks involved with launching a satellite. For example, the tank of hydrazine used for the propulsion system. If that springs a leak there is a highly unstable and toxic gas all over your launch site - even after the giant fireball it causes destroys your satellite. Next I would worry about the ready to explode rocket stack beneath the satellite. If that explodes on your town it will hurt many, many more people than the thermoelectric generator that was incinerated in the explosion.

rsynnott 15y ago
> If that springs a leak there is a highly unstable and toxic gas all over your launch site - even after the giant fireball it causes destroys your satellite. This actually happened at least once to a Soviet Proton (UR-500) rocket; it was a big factor in the cancellation of the much larger UR-700.

Luyt 15y ago

"The main element of these deep-space NASA missions that fuels the conspiracy is the RTGs, or radioisotope thermoelectric generators, that power space probes such as Cassini, Galileo, Voyager, and others. Past Mars there's not enough sunlight to provide the power a spacecraft needs, and so these RTGs are the only option we have. We've mentioned them before on Skeptoid: Russia has used similar generators to power about 150 lighthouses along its extremely remote northern coast. Heat from a radioactive element, usually plutonium-238, goes through a thermocouple, which is a material that produces a direct electrical current when heat is applied to it. RTGs have no moving parts and are extremely simple and reliable." Brian Dunning writes this in 'The Lucifer Project', http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4143 http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4143. Some people "conjecture that such a payload of radioactive material would act like an atomic bomb in the high-pressure depths of a gas giant, and they suppose that this would somehow ignite the entire planet, turning the whole thing into a small star." The Lucifer Project is about turning Jupiter into a second Sun.

wcchandler 15y ago

This is a good animation of them working (animated GIF): http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/TECB/videos/animation_TDC_01_jeff.gif http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/TECB/videos/animation_TDC_01_jef...