4 ms·

Mponeng Gold Mine

69 points by marcinreal 4y ago

mkl 4y ago
The entrance is at about 1560m altitude, so the mine goes way below sea level. It's nowhere near as deep as the Kola Superdeep Borehole though [1], which has been on HN a number of times [2], and is only a narrow bore that people can't go down. The temperature at the bottom of that one got to 180°C, preventing further drilling. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole [2] https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&query=kola%20borehole&sort=byPopularity&type=story https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&que...
- cinntaile 4y ago
  https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/9-2-the-temperature-of-earths-interior/ https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/9-2-the-temperature-of... This contains some graphs (the 2nd graph is most relevant) that show how the temperature changes as a function of depth. It increases much faster than I thought.
- zeristor 4y ago
  Assuming that air can equalise and the bottom of the mine is 2.5km below sea level, from air pressure calculations air pressure would be about ⅓ more, 1⅓ atm. I had an idea to see if plants would grow faster in a denser atmosphere. I’ve found one small study, I think the air pressure was thought to be denser when dinosaurs were about.
  - aaron695 4y ago
- loufe 4y ago
  This story was posted on HN a couple months ago, there is a push right now for use of a somewhat novel technique to drill extremely deep holes, producing geothermal power anywhere on the planet, with several commercial ventures in their early phases: https://newatlas.com/energy/quaise-deep-geothermal-drilling-questions/ https://newatlas.com/energy/quaise-deep-geothermal-drilling-...
roenxi 4y ago
The Wikipedia page doesn't mention the annual production of the mine - but a linked website suggests around 5.5t/annum. If you do the maths on that it is an absurdly small volume by the way. You could hide it under a blanket.
- Havoc 4y ago
  Those shafts are somewhat old & running out of steam. The next door shaft is still producing a bit more but you can see the same trend in the numbers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TauTona_Mine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TauTona_Mine
- mdorazio 4y ago
  And yet if I did the math right, the gold mined each year still has a market value around $350M. Gold is really expensive.
  - scotty79 4y ago
    For no good reason really besides people hoarding it. It's kinda curious that people are not buying it while it's still underground and mostly leaving it there.
Havoc 4y ago
If you ever get a chance to go down a shaft definitely do so. The really deep ones aren't open to the public generally but smaller ones sometimes do
loufe 4y ago
Mponeng is a mine of extremes. 4km of depth means immense pressures (just think maximum depth people can dive, static pressure increases lineraly with depth as the rock above needs to be supported (and rock bursts). The amount of engineering and resources poured in to support the tunnels and openings gets crazy. Not only that, but heat is a problem. Here in Québec the mine Laronde is famous for its air problem. The typical pattern of ventilating mines is to bring air down these tall vertical passages (raises) to just about the bottom of the mine then let it pass to the surface through workings. Cold air in the winter at high speeds means ice build up on the raise wall, which risks decreasing airflow in winter (smaller passage) or flooding/falling ice in summer. So the mine Burns propane in the stream of incoming air. However, the mine is more than 3km deep, so the ambient temperature of the rock grows as that same air continues down, and at some point you reach greater than safe working temperatures, so that exact same air is AC'd further down on a massive scale so the humans and machines can work safely at the bottom. What a headache. I don't know many specifics about Mponeng but I did was a doc on Youtube about it a couple years ago which miners following very narrow gold seams, reinforcing the opening with blocks of wood, which even they felt weren't safe (wood would only last a short bit of time). Travel time also becomes a big consideration. Workers in most mines travel from the surface to their workplace and back during work hours. If you have 3 or more hoists (elevators) to take, many KMs to get to your workplace after, before/after shift meetings, time to change, etc. you don't get many productive hours from your people. I think Mponeng has at least experimented with having guys sleep underground close to the face for short periods (kinda like on-off rotations in remote mines) to get more effort out of them.
- scrappyjoe 4y ago
  I’ve packed those wooden jenga blocks during a visit to Kusasalethu mine, which is similar to Mponeng. You can see the older blocks slowly collapsing under the persistent pressure of the hanging rock. Took about 20 minutes working with two miners, squatting in the 120cm high cut of rock leading up to the seam face. By the end of it I was soaked and exhausted. Even more crazy when you learn that the average age on a South African hard rock mine is approaching 50. I don’t know how the drillers keep at it for a full 4 hour shift (2 hour shaft-underground train-3km hike commute to and from the main shaft entrance).
tibbydudeza 4y ago
One of the reasons why I never studied Geology and instead did Computer Science. I collected rocks - had books on rocks - orientation day at the Geology Dept and the dude told me I am not going to be driving a Landrover but will be working in a mine. I looked up the deepest mine in the world - recalled a childhood memory of spelunking in the Cango Caves. Decision made.
- sgt 4y ago
  If you look up Itchy Boots on YouTube, you could be riding a Honda motorcycle around the world. Probably more profitable than being a geologist, too.
diego_moita 4y ago
This seems to be a place that words can't capture fully but images can. A documentary team went down there: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lh8qecv7qbs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lh8qecv7qbs
donavanm 4y ago
Hard rock mining is pretty insane when you look at the history. In california the Empire mine hit ~3.3km deep in the 1950s before closing due to costs. That's about 2.4km below sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Mine_State_Historic_Park https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Mine_State_Historic_Par...

69 points by marcinreal 4y ago

mkl 4y ago

The entrance is at about 1560m altitude, so the mine goes way below sea level. It's nowhere near as deep as the Kola Superdeep Borehole though [1], which has been on HN a number of times [2], and is only a narrow bore that people can't go down. The temperature at the bottom of that one got to 180°C, preventing further drilling. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole [2] https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&query=kola%20borehole&sort=byPopularity&type=story https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&que...

cinntaile 4y ago
https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/9-2-the-temperature-of-earths-interior/ https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/9-2-the-temperature-of... This contains some graphs (the 2nd graph is most relevant) that show how the temperature changes as a function of depth. It increases much faster than I thought.
zeristor 4y ago
Assuming that air can equalise and the bottom of the mine is 2.5km below sea level, from air pressure calculations air pressure would be about ⅓ more, 1⅓ atm. I had an idea to see if plants would grow faster in a denser atmosphere. I’ve found one small study, I think the air pressure was thought to be denser when dinosaurs were about.
- aaron695 4y ago
loufe 4y ago
This story was posted on HN a couple months ago, there is a push right now for use of a somewhat novel technique to drill extremely deep holes, producing geothermal power anywhere on the planet, with several commercial ventures in their early phases: https://newatlas.com/energy/quaise-deep-geothermal-drilling-questions/ https://newatlas.com/energy/quaise-deep-geothermal-drilling-...

roenxi 4y ago

The Wikipedia page doesn't mention the annual production of the mine - but a linked website suggests around 5.5t/annum. If you do the maths on that it is an absurdly small volume by the way. You could hide it under a blanket.

Havoc 4y ago
Those shafts are somewhat old & running out of steam. The next door shaft is still producing a bit more but you can see the same trend in the numbers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TauTona_Mine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TauTona_Mine
mdorazio 4y ago
And yet if I did the math right, the gold mined each year still has a market value around $350M. Gold is really expensive.
- scotty79 4y ago
  For no good reason really besides people hoarding it. It's kinda curious that people are not buying it while it's still underground and mostly leaving it there.

Havoc 4y ago

If you ever get a chance to go down a shaft definitely do so. The really deep ones aren't open to the public generally but smaller ones sometimes do

loufe 4y ago

Mponeng is a mine of extremes. 4km of depth means immense pressures (just think maximum depth people can dive, static pressure increases lineraly with depth as the rock above needs to be supported (and rock bursts). The amount of engineering and resources poured in to support the tunnels and openings gets crazy. Not only that, but heat is a problem. Here in Québec the mine Laronde is famous for its air problem. The typical pattern of ventilating mines is to bring air down these tall vertical passages (raises) to just about the bottom of the mine then let it pass to the surface through workings. Cold air in the winter at high speeds means ice build up on the raise wall, which risks decreasing airflow in winter (smaller passage) or flooding/falling ice in summer. So the mine Burns propane in the stream of incoming air. However, the mine is more than 3km deep, so the ambient temperature of the rock grows as that same air continues down, and at some point you reach greater than safe working temperatures, so that exact same air is AC'd further down on a massive scale so the humans and machines can work safely at the bottom. What a headache. I don't know many specifics about Mponeng but I did was a doc on Youtube about it a couple years ago which miners following very narrow gold seams, reinforcing the opening with blocks of wood, which even they felt weren't safe (wood would only last a short bit of time). Travel time also becomes a big consideration. Workers in most mines travel from the surface to their workplace and back during work hours. If you have 3 or more hoists (elevators) to take, many KMs to get to your workplace after, before/after shift meetings, time to change, etc. you don't get many productive hours from your people. I think Mponeng has at least experimented with having guys sleep underground close to the face for short periods (kinda like on-off rotations in remote mines) to get more effort out of them.

scrappyjoe 4y ago
I’ve packed those wooden jenga blocks during a visit to Kusasalethu mine, which is similar to Mponeng. You can see the older blocks slowly collapsing under the persistent pressure of the hanging rock. Took about 20 minutes working with two miners, squatting in the 120cm high cut of rock leading up to the seam face. By the end of it I was soaked and exhausted. Even more crazy when you learn that the average age on a South African hard rock mine is approaching 50. I don’t know how the drillers keep at it for a full 4 hour shift (2 hour shaft-underground train-3km hike commute to and from the main shaft entrance).

tibbydudeza 4y ago

One of the reasons why I never studied Geology and instead did Computer Science. I collected rocks - had books on rocks - orientation day at the Geology Dept and the dude told me I am not going to be driving a Landrover but will be working in a mine. I looked up the deepest mine in the world - recalled a childhood memory of spelunking in the Cango Caves. Decision made.

sgt 4y ago
If you look up Itchy Boots on YouTube, you could be riding a Honda motorcycle around the world. Probably more profitable than being a geologist, too.

diego_moita 4y ago

This seems to be a place that words can't capture fully but images can. A documentary team went down there: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lh8qecv7qbs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lh8qecv7qbs

donavanm 4y ago

Hard rock mining is pretty insane when you look at the history. In california the Empire mine hit ~3.3km deep in the 1950s before closing due to costs. That's about 2.4km below sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Mine_State_Historic_Park https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Mine_State_Historic_Par...