>you cannot see adverse risk in certain activities without a study - observational, RCT, or otherwise - confirming it. This is pretty far from my claim. I didn

>you cannot see adverse risk in certain activities without a study - observational, RCT, or otherwise - confirming it. This is pretty far from my claim. I didn't say that I don't believe things without clinical evidence. I said that there is a conspicuous lack of clinical evidence for something which otherwise has so many claims surrounding it. Even a simple questionnaire would be publishable, if it showed an effect. Do you close your toilet lid? Have you had an illness in which you experienced vomiting or diarrhea in the last 6 months? How many people do you live with? I think perhaps you assume that "you are with the experts" on this one. That most researchers consider the evidence presented in this article to be good evidence that there is a health benefit to closing the toilet lid of your toilet. I can assure you that most researchers do not consider this to be good evidence, exactly because it has no clinical endpoint. It might as well say "in mice". Perhaps you believe that there is some common sense reason to think that toilet plume is a bad thing, but common sense largely fails to come to correct conclusions about germs. Which is the case that I have been making in this thread.