It’s worse. A black box can be significantly hotter than the reported temperature. https://www.nist.gov/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-measure-air-temperatur

It’s worse. A black box can be significantly hotter than the reported temperature. https://www.nist.gov/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-measure-air-temperature-accurately https://www.nist.gov/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-measur...: “To measure outdoor air temperature on land, the setup is simple. A thermometer is placed inside an enclosure […]. Regardless of the shape, the enclosure is white in color to reflect solar radiation, which heats the thermometer and keeps it from getting an accurate air temperature reading. The enclosure also typically has slatted sides to allow air flow, and a double roof (a roof and a raised roof over that) to protect the thermometer from rain and further resist the influence of the Sun.” So, they measure temperature in the shade, away from the ground, under a roof that’s painted white. In the sun things can get hotter. 45 C water for a few seconds isn’t painful, but touching the hood of a black car or the asphalt on a road surface on a 40 C day immediately is.