Can I ask? Did you read those three papers carefully before linking them? I'm asking because a scientific paper's purpose is to make one or more claims (but us

Can I ask? Did you read those three papers carefully before linking them? I'm asking because a scientific paper's purpose is to make one or more claims (but usually one central claim), that are supported in the paper by theoretical and empirical results. It is hard to know whether any particular claim is true, even when reading the paper carefully and scrutinising, or even attempting to replicate, its results - let alone otherwise.