It is implicitly centralized if the user doesn't have a means to control the secret key themselves. The minimally need to be able to import new keys into a devi

It is implicitly centralized if the user doesn't have a means to control the secret key themselves. The minimally need to be able to import new keys into a device to keep control. Otherwise whoever owns those keys is really the one in control, which is really what the higher FIDO levels are about (as they are targeting enterprise customers that want central control). L1 (software based) obviously fits this requirement. I think L2 also can because while it is a physical key it could allow for the user to import their own secret. L3 takes that away as it must come from the manufacture with a key that cannot be accessed. Not 100% on any of this, but it's what I get from their level doc... https://fidoalliance.org/certification/authenticator-certification-levels/ https://fidoalliance.org/certification/authenticator-certifi...