Interesting work. One thing to keep in mind is that early environments were anoxic, as free oxygen only arose after the development of photosynthesis on a globa

Interesting work. One thing to keep in mind is that early environments were anoxic, as free oxygen only arose after the development of photosynthesis on a global scale. This should have made abiotic synthesis relatively easier as oxygen acts as kind of bleach (production of OH radical etc.), so it's likely early oceans were awash with a wide variety of organic molecules, as well as tons of dissolved iron and sulfur species, likely phosphorous as well. People have also described a wide variety of catalytic activities with carbon dioxide and hydrogen catalyzed at hydrothermal vent environments by metals, such as the formation of small aldehydes and ketones (short-chain/branched carbon molecules with double bonds incorporating an oxygen atom) which can then go on to participate in other reactions with ammonia and hydrogen plausibly leading to amino acids. Another simple abiotic reaction is the formation of hydroxlamine (H2N-OH) which can feed into the synthesis of the simple ring structures of nitogenous bases (the components, plus five-carbon sugars, of the A,U,C,G's of RNA). See: Unified prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine and purine RNA ribonucleotides (2019) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax2747 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax2747 Abiotic synthesis of amino acids in the recesses of the oceanic lithosphere (2018) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0684-z https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0684-z Both those articles are on sci-hub.se for those interested. One interesting speculation is that RNA and protein developed more or less simultaneously, and that short protein chains were affiliated with short RNA chains from the very beginning. This could plausibly result in a proto-ribosomal entity capable of self-replication using the abiotic pool of nucleosides and and amino acids as raw material. This idea has been around for ~20 years, here's something recent on it: A prebiotically plausible scenario of an RNA–peptide world (May 2022) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04676-3 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04676-3 These kinds of reactions would seem to be quite plausible on other worlds with a liquid ocean. Also, they had millions of years to develop, meaning low-probability events aren't ruled out. Life is probably widespread in our universe.