I think that is mentioned near the end of the article: > Other researchers, including Schöley, have taken a related approach, reporting in preprints how averag

I think that is mentioned near the end of the article: > Other researchers, including Schöley, have taken a related approach, reporting in preprints how average life expectancy — which is calculated using age-specific mortality rates — has changed over the pandemic in more than 20 countries. On the basis of these calculations, for instance, the United Kingdom has fared worse than Spain and Italy in terms of life expectancy lost over the past two years, even though the three countries have broadly similar excess-death numbers. Spain, Italy and Germany have roughly equal values for life expectancy, and Sweden and other Scandinavian nations had by the end of 2021 recovered the average life-expectancy losses caused by the pandemic (see ‘Life-expectancy losses’).