1) Depends on the protocol, chain and platform. Ethereum itself is unlikely to be impacted by an EMP as the number of validators is large and widely distributed

1) Depends on the protocol, chain and platform. Ethereum itself is unlikely to be impacted by an EMP as the number of validators is large and widely distributed across the globe. 2) A chain like Ethereum is positioning itself as a secure and decentralized settlement base layer upon which more scalable higher-level and application-specific layers might be built, typically with rollups that batch many operations together. Other chains are making security and centralization trade-offs to provide scalability at this bottom base layer. The latter may not always work out, as seen with Luna crashing or Solana network going offline.