By "observational" studies I realize you probably just meant studies where they don't manipulate a variable (which, while less than ideal, it is indeed science)

By "observational" studies I realize you probably just meant studies where they don't manipulate a variable (which, while less than ideal, it is indeed science), whereas I was making a more philosophical point, a la Popper https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/778918-the-belief-that-science-proceeds-from-observation-to-theory-is https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/778918-the-belief-that-scie...