Also the author seems to entirely ignore patient psychology. Sure in some parallel universe where patients can be told "so we found something weird on your lung

Also the author seems to entirely ignore patient psychology. Sure in some parallel universe where patients can be told "so we found something weird on your lung don't know what it is and don't really care" and just accept it, then maybe doing the unnecessary tests doesn't matter (ignoring extra costs of course which _do_ matter). But we don't live in that universe. Ignoring how patients actually behave and pretending they are just perfectly logical is basically malpractice in my opinion.