Sorry, Rube Goldberg was a cartoonist who drew ridiculously over elaborate machines. Some biochemical pathways strike me the same way (though this is mostly due

Sorry, Rube Goldberg was a cartoonist who drew ridiculously over elaborate machines. Some biochemical pathways strike me the same way (though this is mostly due to contingency and opportunistic reuse, and definitely not gratuitous complication per-se). https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/100000002588110/rube-goldberg-man-behind-the-machines.html https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/100000002588110/rube-g... Edited to add: and I AM aware that much of the "over complication" affords opportunities for positive and negative feedback loops that subject a pathway to external control of various sorts and variable expression in different conditions, cell types, and tissues.