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Before the "standardization" on SMS first and later on Google/Apple systems, there were a number of methods, since banks did try to do R&D to cut out on fraud:

Before the "standardization" on SMS first and later on Google/Apple systems, there were a number of methods, since banks did try to do R&D to cut out on fraud: * One-time-pads (yes, I had a bank that would give me a card with 50 codes you were supposed to use once, then go back to the branch for more. Didn't last long, though, and was replaced with:) * Reusable codes: bank gives you a card with 50 codes. Bank randomly asks you for code number X. X may eventually repeat over time. (Bank also tells you your specific card serial number so that you can identify them). * Credit cards housing an actual e-Ink display that would give TOTP codes. https://www.e-ink-info.com/e-ink-used-create-dynamic-cvv-credit-cards https://www.e-ink-info.com/e-ink-used-create-dynamic-cvv-cre... * Actual FIDO devices.

aenis 4y ago
My bank issues a fido device: a card scanner with a built in camera that reads qr codes. Excellent tool, but for a few years now the bank is actively discouraging its use, touting the benefits of apps instead. It costs them around 60 euro to issue the device, and, sadly, thats incentive enough to advocate less secure solutions. When they take it away from me, I am out of options as this is the last bank in my country that issues them to individuals :-/
- teekert 4y ago
  Rabobank? Yes it’s nice but I always find it a pain haha. 60€ wow, when they were first send around they very easily gave me 2 extra to put at work etc. What about N26, I don’t remember needing the app and I can log into a website. Not sure though…