Just a string in my case, JDBC prepared statement or the equivalent. But if I could really choose freely, I would put all queries as functions/procedures inside

Just a string in my case, JDBC prepared statement or the equivalent. But if I could really choose freely, I would put all queries as functions/procedures inside the DB to achieve real decoupling from the schema, get consistency with transactions etc, but if I mention that idea, the pitchforks come out and I get chased off the property by the backend developers who become pretty much obsolete in that architecture.