I guess it depends on like "what is the output of research?" which I admit is probably hard to define and definitely not clear to me. But your comment seemed t

I guess it depends on like "what is the output of research?" which I admit is probably hard to define and definitely not clear to me. But your comment seemed to assume "compilers are the output of research" so I went with that. I don't know anything about microsoft's research or apple's or google's either. But again I just don't understand the distinction between "research" and "code" that's being made here. There might be a useful distinction there but you're not making it.