> I'm more skeptical about how we can design something and then say that we conclusively discovered some new functionality without having tested it in the real

> I'm more skeptical about how we can design something and then say that we conclusively discovered some new functionality without having tested it in the real thing. I agree with you in principle but organ chips are a progress, at least because it takes in account things like 3D space, mechanical forces, fluids movements, signaling between cells, and they use real human cells. The cheap and common alternative used in most biology papers is to used 2D static groups of immortalized cells (Cells that are not anymore human by any aspect) and pretend to have discover fundamental aspects of human biology. In my opinion, organ chips are a good way to conceptualize, think about a problem and make experimentation. For example scientists can compare some aspects of a human lung with the behavior of the organ chip