"These loans are given by parties that are not able, officially, to print dollars but, at the same time, 'print' by loaning them - or rather the promise to pay,

"These loans are given by parties that are not able, officially, to print dollars but, at the same time, 'print' by loaning them - or rather the promise to pay, in dollars mostly, some sum that the loaner has fractionally. That is, they don't own as many dollars as they're loaning. It's just entries in a database." Which is the exact way that Federal reserve creates dollars. Just that, in this instance, the creator is different. It makes no difference to the US government, though.USD is USD. In fact, this only benefits the US.