Here are some keywords for further research. It is a rich and beautiful topic! Evolutionary Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Cellular Automata, Neural Networks

Here are some keywords for further research. It is a rich and beautiful topic! Evolutionary Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Cellular Automata, Neural Networks, Self-Organisation, other Self-X properties like Self-Healing. Methods from Swarm Intelligence, for example Ant Colony Optimization or Particle Swarm Optimization.