This could be verified by looking at the differences in pay between woman with children vs. woman without children, or men vs. woman with and without children.

This could be verified by looking at the differences in pay between woman with children vs. woman without children, or men vs. woman with and without children. The best study I could find at a moment's notice is [1]; didn't read the full study in depth, just the write-up, but it seems to be a large factor. [1]: https://www.vox.com/2018/2/19/17018380/gender-wage-gap-childcare-penalty https://www.vox.com/2018/2/19/17018380/gender-wage-gap-child...