Here's a source for Norway. The article links to a 300+ page pdf done by the Norwegian "transport economics Institute". https://www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/komme

Here's a source for Norway. The article links to a 300+ page pdf done by the Norwegian "transport economics Institute". https://www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/kommentar/2022/02/15/enorme-vei-investeringer-og-klimapolitikk-er-blitt-en-gullgruve-for-bilister/ https://www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/kommentar/2022/02/15/enorm... Basically, a car in Norway is subsidized with on average 10000nok / 1200usd per year, so not even close to paying for its own use. This also doesn't include the fact that electric cars don't pay any taxes when bought, so society is losing out a lot there as well given that 90% of all new cars now are electric. Here's a German paper saying that the society bears 40% of the costs associated with owning a car: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921003943?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180092...