You need more SNR (power), more BW (spectrum) , or more 'channels'. 5G solves this using the last dimension, channels. Beamforming allows the same spectrum to b

You need more SNR (power), more BW (spectrum) , or more 'channels'. 5G solves this using the last dimension, channels. Beamforming allows the same spectrum to be reused by allowing for spacial separation, i.e. use the same spectrum 5 times by sending 5 beams to 5 physically sperare locations. MIMO is layered on top of this ans uses multipath effects to offer more bandwidth to a single user by taking advantage of the fact each path is its own channel. No violation of the Shannon limit for sure, but very smart and computationally intensive techniques to skirt around the issues of the single isotropic or sector antenna of old.