I'd bet that at least a significant part of that fraud went not simply to criminals but to some state-level activity. $31 B is so huge that it is meaningful at

I'd bet that at least a significant part of that fraud went not simply to criminals but to some state-level activity. $31 B is so huge that it is meaningful at very high levels (e.g. it's much larger than all the assistance, goods, weapons and financing provided to support Ukraine in the ongoing war), and for places like North Korea fraud and hacking is a large part of their foreign currency income (technically speaking, that would probably count as "export of services").