IMVHO the main point is "circularity vs linearity" of anything: if something can be recycled ad infinitum like a glass bottle there is no much need for "repair"

IMVHO the main point is "circularity vs linearity" of anything: if something can be recycled ad infinitum like a glass bottle there is no much need for "repair", we can keep rebuilding at best quality, for things can't be that "circular" instead repairing is a must. Batteries themselves are kind-of modular, in the sense that most tools batteries so far are made of standard elements soldered together, they tend to be easy to replace, that's not the case for mobile phones, laptop etc but for that electronic there are many more problems, starting from the design for planned obsolescence, IMVHO the real solution is making mandatory open hardware and free software, this way certain bad design can't simply survive because someone who know denounce defects, some propose corrections and OEM who refuse them get a bed reputation so quickly they can't recovery. The actual norms have failed to be effective, for instance recently the EU mandate the availability of spare parts for various home appliance, BUT they mandate only for "official repair center", so OEMs decide that to be an "official repair center" someone need to pay a non marginal annual fee for training, updates etc and the resulting costs are so high that's still convenient drop a damaged appliance instead of repairing it. Being open in hw terms by design and free in software terms prevent that effectively: if you try to circumvent norms that clearly appear and you end up quickly under fire. Even competitors are pushed to act one against another. Again to make that work we need public research, made for the sake of humanity not for profit, doing so ensure a real constant innovation that the market can't ignore and can't hijack for business reasons. And again that's not that hard to accomplish, we have had more or less in the past, at least in EU countries, with public universities and big research labs not entirely public, unfortunately, but publicly founded enough that the private part have to obey, can't lead the public one.