> This is only true for control surfaces and perfectly symmetric wings, but not for zero angle of attack wings as I explained above. Normal, cambered wings work

> This is only true for control surfaces and perfectly symmetric wings, but not for zero angle of attack wings as I explained above. Normal, cambered wings work because of the Bernoulli effect, where pressure is lower above the wing because of the way airflow is designed. Lift is not generated by pushing air down, the wing is literally getting sucked upwards Bernouilli is one of the ways to describe the pressure differences around an aircraft wing in an airstream. But the popular Bernoulli-explanation where wings don't deflect the airstream is utterly wrong. Think about it, and consider for a moment the airplane as a black box, or a spherical cow for all I care. How does it stay in the air? Because the air exerts an upward force on it. Therefore, according to Newton's third law, the airplane exerts a downward force on the air. That force deflects the airstream down; there simply is no other way. > Lift is not generated by pushing air down, the wing is literally getting sucked upwards. By which force, exerted by which object? The air! If the air pushes/pulls the aircraft upwards, the aircraft pushes/pulls the air down. > Note that under Cruise Performance, fuel consumption in terms of gallons per hour is calculated using pressure altitude and outside air temperature. You do not need to take aircraft mass into consideration for this part of trip planning. It is only important during takeoff and climb. The tables and charts used for the calculations clearly indicate the conditions for which they're valid, one of which is a weight of 2300 pounds. I don't know how you're supposed to make calculations for other takeoff weights, but the fact that the weight is clearly stated as a condition shows that it's important. > You should look up how gliders sometimes carry extra weight in special water tanks to improve speed without sacrificing performance. Their optimal lift-to-drag stays the same, but the speed at which they achieve it becomes higher. How do you explain that? As you say, it doesn't change their lift-to-drag ratio. When they go faster they also meet more rising air in the same time. What matters is that they can only stay aloft when they find sufficient rising currents, which is completely impractical for most kinds of airplane. Airliners for example can glide to an extent and they sometimes do, but they can not "effectively glide huge distances using only the energy you get from slightly lowering your altitude in the gravitational field" as you originally stated. > Also: You are confusing angle of attack and angle of incidence Angle of incidence is the angle at which the wing is mounted to the airplane. It is not in itself relevant to the lift the wing produces, which is why I didn't mention it. I'm not confusing anything. For more practical considerations, see e.g. this video: "How much does it cost to FUEL an airliner?!" by Mentour Pilot (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU8Ah1VC2Wg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU8Ah1VC2Wg). Some excerpts: At 1:47: > The cost of fuel is one of the single biggest costs any airline out there has. My airline that I work for spent about 11 billion dollars in fuel last year. And this is why keeping a check on the costs, as in both the price of the fuel and also how much fuel is being used is extremely important. It is the difference between being profitable and non-profitable in the airline world. At 4:26 > The total cost of fuel for the airline is about 40% of the cost of the whole flight. At 10:01: > We only carry as much fuel as we need for the flight that we need to do with [(couldn't understand this word)] reserves and diversion fuel. The reason we don't carry more fuel than that is because it costs fuel to carry fuel. The weight of the fuel is going to make the aircraft burn more fuel. So the cost of fuel is very important to the airline industry, and carrying fuel costs fuel and hence money, because of the weight of that fuel. Yes, flying is still relatively cheap because the fuel cost is shared by all passengers, and because airlines for reasons that I don't quite understand pay no or almost no taxes on their fuel; certainly much less than what you pay to fill up your car.