Since 2015 all Visa and MasterCard transactions within Russia are handled by National Payment System and are not affected by any sanctions. There's also a Russi

Since 2015 all Visa and MasterCard transactions within Russia are handled by National Payment System and are not affected by any sanctions. There's also a Russian payment system Mir based on NPS. Operators of NPS cooperate with Union Pay and even issue co-branded cards, so I won't be surprised if NPS-UnionPay bridge will allow avoiding sanctions for any payments between Russia and China.