This paper from a couple of weeks ago suggested that neurons may learn as part of maximizing their energy efficiency. Which suggests that each neuron learns on

This paper from a couple of weeks ago suggested that neurons may learn as part of maximizing their energy efficiency. Which suggests that each neuron learns on its own, but also helps neurons by giving some feedback. I don't think it fully answered how that feedback happens (backprop or multiple forward passes), but it may be of interest to you nonetheless. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-021-00430-y https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-021-00430-y