In in Northern Europe and (c) is not true for new housing stock. I'm building a house and ran the calculations (two years ago, before gas got expensive) for va

In in Northern Europe and (c) is not true for new housing stock. I'm building a house and ran the calculations (two years ago, before gas got expensive) for various forms of heating, and solar PV + heat pump came out the cheapest. We have net-metering but still need to pay "transmission fees" (7c/kWh) for electricity we later consume. I also considered just using gas for heating in the winter, but the connection fees (installation and ongoing network fees) came out to be much more than the cost of the gas we would actually use.