Whether they “work” depends on the goal I suppose. If the goal is to get misbehaving countries or leaders to change their behavior, I’m not aware of any exampl

Whether they “work” depends on the goal I suppose. If the goal is to get misbehaving countries or leaders to change their behavior, I’m not aware of any examples, not matter how far back we look in history, where they worked. Plenty of examples where sanctions are imposed and the behavior gets worse. If the goal is to weaken a country (which could be a good thing, if that country is belligerent), I think there are plenty examples of that working. It can have the unfortunate side effect of also impoverishing the ordinary citizens of the sanctioned nation.