Typically either with length prefixing (what binary protocols do) or with escaping/quoting (what text protocols do). For example, JSON assigns a unique bit sequ

Typically either with length prefixing (what binary protocols do) or with escaping/quoting (what text protocols do). For example, JSON assigns a unique bit sequence to every possible list of strings by using '"' and ',' as separators and '\' as an escape signal to disable the special meaning of the next character.