You are absolutely correct concerning the trust model of Garage: any administrator of one node is an administrator of the entire cluster, and can manipulate dat

You are absolutely correct concerning the trust model of Garage: any administrator of one node is an administrator of the entire cluster, and can manipulate data arbitrarily in the system. From an ideological perspective, we are strongly attached to the building of tight-knit communities in which strong trust bonds can emerge, as it gives us more meaning than living in an individualized society where all exchanges between individuals are mediated by a market, or worse, by blockchain technology. This means that trusting several system's administrator makes sense to us. Note that in the case of cooperatives such as CHATONS, most users are non-technical and have to trust their sysadmin anyways; here, they just have to trust several sysadmins instead of just one. We know that several hosting cooperatives of the CHATONS network are thinking like us and are interested in setting up systems such as Garage that work under this assumption. In the meantime, we also do perfectly recognize the possibility of a variety of attack scenarios against which we want to consider practical defenses, such as the following: 1/ An honest-but-curious system administrator or an intruder in the network that wants to read user's private data, or equivalently, a police raid where server software is embarked for inspection by state services; 2/ A malicious administrator or an intruder that wants to manipulate the users by introducing fake data; 3/ A malicious administrator or an intruder that simply wants to wreak havoc by deleting everything. Point 1 is the biggest risk in my eyes. Several solutions can be built to add an encryption layer over S3 for different usage scenarios. For instance for storing personnal files, Rclone can be used to add simple file encryption to an S3 bucket and can also be mounted directly via FUSE, allowing us to access Garage as an end-to-end encrypted network drive. For backups, programs like Restic and Borg allow us to upload our backups encrypted into Garage. Point 2 can be at least partially solved by adding signatures and verification in the encryption layer which is handled on the client (I don't know for sure if Rclone, Restic and Borg are doing this). Point 3 is harder and probably requires adaptation on the side of Garage to be solved, for instance by adding a restriction on which nodes are allowed to propagate updates in the network and thus establishing a hierarchy between two categories of nodes: those that implement the S3 gateway and thus have full power in the network, and those that are only responsible for storing data given by the gateway but cannot originate modifications themselves (under the assumption that modifications must be accompanied by a digital signature and that only gateway nodes have the private keys to generate such signatures). Then we could separate gateway nodes according to the different buckets in which they can write for better separation of concernts. However, as long as we are trying to implement the S3 protocol I think we are stuck with some imperfect solution like this, because S3 itself does not implement using public-key cryptography to attest operations sent by the users. It is perfectly true that solutions that are explicitely designed to handle these threats (such as TAHOE-LAFS) would provide better guarantees in a system that is maybe more consistent as a whole. However we are also trying to juggle these security constraints with deployment contraints such as keeping compatibility with standard protocols such as S3 (and soon also IMAP for mailbox storage), which restricts us in the design choices we make. Just to clarify, the fact that any node can tamper with any of the data in the cluster is not strictly linked to the fact that we use CRDTs internally. It is true that CRDTs make it more difficult, but we do believe that there are solutions to this and we intend to implement at least some of them in our next project that involves mailbox storage.