There's an interesting study showing the modal split in various cities. Moscow is particularly interesting: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/a

There's an interesting study showing the modal split in various cities. Moscow is particularly interesting: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4331_Deloitte-City-Mobility-Index/Moscow_GlobalCityMobility_WEB.pdf https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4... The 78% share of public transport dwarves figures from any western city. Car utilization is also fairly low. I think it has something to do with scale. The city is enormous, so cycling and walking (especially in winter) is just not viable and the statistics reflect that. High ridership means more revenue, so hopefully a high percentage of costs covered by fares. I don't know about Moscow, but I grew up in Warsaw where the subway rolling stock is still in significant part the Metrovagonmash Series 81: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrovagonmash_81-717/81-714 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrovagonmash_81-717/81-714 - which serves in Moscow's lines as well. The train is fairly noisy and the design is dated, but it didn't change significantly throughout the years, so I guess a lot of money was saved on R&D.