This is pretty interesting - some tension between what C guarantees and what Strictly Conforming POSIX requires. I’m not saying there’s no confusion in the real

This is pretty interesting - some tension between what C guarantees and what Strictly Conforming POSIX requires. I’m not saying there’s no confusion in the real world (it’s obvious there is). Is Postel’s Law Be conservative in what you send; be liberal in what you accept. relevant here? I’m not sure. The interesting looking parts of @tedunangst linked document are: The argument argv is an array of character pointers to null-terminated strings. The application shall ensure that the last member of this array is a null pointer. These strings shall constitute the argument list available to the new process image. The value in argv[0] should point to a filename string that is associated with the process being started by one of the exec functions. […] Early proposals required that the value of argc passed to main() be "one or greater". This was driven by the same requirement in drafts of the ISO C standard. In fact, historical implementations have passed a value of zero when no arguments are supplied to the caller of the exec functions. This requirement was removed from the ISO C standard and subsequently removed from this volume of POSIX.1-2017 as well. The wording, in particular the use of the word should, requires a Strictly Conforming POSIX Application to pass at least one argument to the exec function, thus guaranteeing that argc be one or greater when invoked by such an application. In fact, this is good practice, since many existing applications reference argv[0] without first checking the value of argc. The requirement on a Strictly Conforming POSIX Application also states that the value passed as the first argument be a filename string associated with the process being started. Although some existing applications pass a pathname rather than a filename string in some circumstances, a filename string is more generally useful, since the common usage of argv[0] is in printing diagnostics. In some cases the filename passed is not the actual filename of the file; for example, many implementations of the login utility use a convention of prefixing a <hyphen-minus> ( '-' ) to the actual filename, which indicates to the command interpreter being invoked that it is a "login shell".