Speaking as someone who has written non-trivial compilers in both Rust and Go... Compilers tend to use a bit thornier data structures and graphs than you might

Speaking as someone who has written non-trivial compilers in both Rust and Go... Compilers tend to use a bit thornier data structures and graphs than you might see in other realms. It is very convenient to just represent these graphs as objects connected by pointers, and know that you don't have to worry about objects that become unreachable. For example, the values in an SSA-based IR are all full of pointers to other values. Each value represents the computation to produce that value, like "x12 / 4". A strength-reduction pass goes in and mutates this node, replacing it with "x12 >> 2" (if such a change is valid). It knows the change is valid because it follows pointers from the node to its inputs. The change is available to all upstream values immediately because it is mutated. These changes may make other values unreachable, at which point, you don't care about them. You only care about the values which are reachable from computations with side effects. These nodes definitely have cycles and IMO, the notion of weak references between them doesn't make sense. I'm sure there's a way to do that in Rust. Please, nobody try to explain how. I could figure it out. The thing is... it's not obvious how to do it in Rust, and figuring out how to "explain ownership to the Rust compiler" without creating Rc<RefCell<T>> cycle leaks is a non-trivial task that sucks away time I could be spending writing the compiler. This reminds me of a paper I saw go by years back about writing a compiler in Haskell. Pure Haskell code doesn't let you mutate objects and doesn't let you do pointer comparisons, so it creates problems if you're trying to implement an algorithm which is conceptually pure (at a high level, a function with inputs and outputs) but where you're taking the implementation from a paper which constructs the output iteratively, piece by piece. The problem is that your data structures have to be annotated to show which parts are mutable (IORef, STRef, or TVar), but "which parts are mutable" may have a different answer depending on whether you are inside some function transforming or constructing a data structure. It was obvious to me, reading the paper, that while I love functional purity, and functional purity solves all sorts of problems and makes it easier to write code in general, it sometimes gets in the way of getting shit done. The same is true of Rust's notion of ownership... super useful when it lets me write fast, efficient code without having to think about ownership (when it just works and gets out of the way), and super annoying when you have to figure out how to explain your program to Rust.