> Why do you think "unpredictable results" doesn't mean "anything at all" Why do you think it does?? If I roll dice, the exact number that will come up is unp

> Why do you think "unpredictable results" doesn't mean "anything at all" Why do you think it does?? If I roll dice, the exact number that will come up is unpredictable. However, the result will not be pink elephants parachuting through the roof. Once again, the standard then goes on to clarify what it means by "unpredictable": Permissible undefined behavior ranges from ignoring the situation completely with unpredictable results, to behaving during translation or program execution in a documented manner characteristic of the environment (with or without the issuance of a diagnostic message), to terminating a translation or execution (with the issuance of a diagnostic message). If that isn't clear enough, there is also the rationale: http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/rationale/a.html#1-5 http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/rationale/a.html#1-5 "The terms unspecified behavior, undefined behavior, and implementation-defined behavior are used to categorize the result of writing programs whose properties the Standard does not, or cannot, completely describe." Hmm...how can that be? Let's dig further: "Undefined behavior gives the implementor license not to catch certain program errors that are difficult to diagnose. It also identifies areas of possible conforming language extension: the implementor may augment the language by providing a definition of the officially undefined behavior. " Why doesn't this say "UB gives the implementor license to do anything at all"? Maybe because that wasn't the intention behind or purpose of UB? Let's dig further to "Compliance" "The three-fold definition of compliance is used to broaden the population of conforming programs and distinguish between conforming programs using a single implementation and portable conforming programs. " Hmm...according to the "standard purists", there is only one level of conformance: full conformance to the standard, everything else means the compiler can do anything it wants. Strangely, the standard itself disagrees. Let's look some more: "Existing code is important, existing implementations are not. A large body of C code exists of considerable commercial value. Every attempt has been made to ensure that the bulk of this code will be acceptable to any implementation conforming to the Standard. The Committee did not want to force most programmers to modify their C programs just to have them accepted by a conforming translator. " Again, the exact opposite of what the "standard extremists" claim. There are those who poo-pooh the idea that C is a "portable assembler". Here is what the rationale document says: "C code can be non-portable. Although it strove to give programmers the opportunity to write truly portable programs, the Committee did not want to force programmers into writing portably, to preclude the use of C as a ``high-level assembler'': the ability to write machine-specific code is one of the strengths of C. It is this principle which largely motivates drawing the distinction between strictly conforming program and conforming program" So the C standards committee explicitly sought C to be usable as a "high-level assembler". Who would have thunk? Apart from everybody who actually knows about the spirit of C. What is nonsense is this "spirit"? Well the rational says this: "The Committee kept as a major goal to preserve the traditional spirit of C. There are many facets of the spirit of C, but the essence is a community sentiment of the underlying principles upon which the C language is based. Some of the facets of the spirit of C can be summarized in phrases like - Trust the programmer. - Don't prevent the programmer from doing what needs to be done. - Keep the language small and simple. - Provide only one way to do an operation. - Make it fast, even if it is not guaranteed to be portable. The last proverb needs a little explanation. The potential for efficient code generation is one of the most important strengths of C. To help ensure that no code explosion occurs for what appears to be a very simple operation, many operations are defined to be how the target machine's hardware does it rather than by a general abstract rule. " Hmm...