> Is it even possible to have zero undefined behavior in languages that allow user-defined pointers? It seems like allowing even just one degree of memory indir

> Is it even possible to have zero undefined behavior in languages that allow user-defined pointers? It seems like allowing even just one degree of memory indirection creates a singularity beyond which any kind of formal guarantees become impossible. With untyped pointers, yes. But it seems to me that if you have strong typing for function pointers you could mostly avoid that. > UB is kind of the "we are all adults here" engineering tradeoff that enables shipping fast and useful software, but is technically not strictly defined Well, no, of course it isn't -- the clue is probably in the first half of the name, "Undefined Behaviour"... ;-)