4 ms·

To add to Tectonic's amazing comment. There's another reason why this is an extremely important find. The 12C concentration exists in a gradient. I can't say w

To add to Tectonic's amazing comment. There's another reason why this is an extremely important find. The 12C concentration exists in a gradient. I can't say who this person is, but they're a senior scientist involved with the project. They pointed out something profound based on the history of the crater. water came over the rim of the crater and it slowly evaporated, down to the bottom, until it evaporated completely. If there was life there, then it followed this water all the way down, before its eventual death (?) due to dehydration. And the signatures match that hypothesis! The most anomalous signatures are the ones from the samples taken at the bottom of the crater. What's even more exciting is that the other two phenomena that are used as examples would have left a wider distribution. The specific pattern in which the signatures were found are even more suggestive of life, but all other hypotheses need to be eliminated first. - If it is indeed life, this changes everything. I have been in favor of orbitals for space settlement for a long time, and this reinforces my beliefs. We might have to declare Mars to be the solar system's largest natural preserve and outlaw human settlement (other than Mars bases for research into this life). We will carry our microbiome to Mars, and any large scale settlement will have inevitable leakage of our microbiome to the subsurface layers of Mars, causing the microbes we have to out-compete (and perhaps mingle?) the life that exists on Mars. (if it exists) At the very least, making a settlement on Mars should be put on hold until we have had a definitive detection and have found the native Martians. This is one of the most important scientific finds in human history.

d883kd8 5y ago
Why do you assume Earth microbes would outcompete martian microbes in their native environment?
- AnimalMuppet 5y ago
  Yeah. More, why do you assume that martian microbes would not kill us? We don't just need quarantine to protect life on Mars. We need quarantine to protect life on Earth. (Presuming that this actually is life, which, despite the tantalizing hints, is still a presumption...)
  - echelon 5y ago
    >> Why do you assume Earth microbes would outcompete martian microbes in their native environment? > Yeah. More, why do you assume that martian microbes would not kill us? While we can't conclusively argue one way or the other, I wager that life on Earth has probably been subjected to a wider range of states than life on Mars. Our life has explored evolutionary state space from geothermal, oceanic, and hundreds of terrestrial environments. Our microorganisms fiercely compete, and if one of them finds a new optima, the ecosystem adjusts. While there could be some higher metabolomic maxima that life on Mars discovered, I'd wager it is statistically less likely. An interesting way this thesis might be compromised however is if alien life uses an altogether different and (probably simpler) biochemistry. All life on Earth sits atop a remarkably uniform platform. Maybe alien life won't pay the same expenses for maintenance of cells and information, and they could compete metabolically in that sense.
    - AnimalMuppet 5y ago
      > I'd wager it is statistically less likely. Yeah... let's not wager the entire human race on "statistically less likely, OK?
      - echelon 5y ago
        We've done it several times in the past. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle... https://www.insidescience.org/manhattan-project-legacy/atmosphere-on-fire https://www.insidescience.org/manhattan-project-legacy/atmos...
- areoform 5y ago
  Because Mars isn't carpeted with life. It is generally thought that if life does indeed exist on Mars, it's likely to be at the poles, in the ice, and/or under the surface where most of the water is. Life on Earth, on the other hand, carpets the Earth and is almost impossible to completely kill. For example, most space probes are sterilized for forward planetary protection, but they can't be completely sterilized, so they're instead sterilized to different standards. Here's the standard under COSPAR for Mars, > then the entire landed system shall be sterilized to the following levels: a surface biological burden level of 30 spores (see 5.3.2.4) and a total (surface, mated, and encapsulated) bioburden level of 1.5x10^-4 spores (see 5.3.2.4). 5.3.2.4 states, > 5.3.2.4 The 30 spore figure takes into account the occurrence of hardy organisms with respect to the sterilization modality. This specification assumes attainment of PP Category IVa surface cleanliness, followed by at least a four order-of-magnitude reduction in viable organisms. Verification of bioburden level is based on presterilization bioburden assessment and knowledge of reduction factor for the sterilization modality. Life on Earth has survived, amongst other things, - On the outside of spacecraft, for several years. - Beyond the photosphere in places like geothermal vents or the movile cave, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile_Cave - Hyperacidic and hypersaline lakes - In volcanoes - Anoxic lakes Given that there are - almost certainly - more varieties of life in more niches on Earth, and that these species often co-exist with humans. If any large-scale settlement of Mars occur, then human by-products like sewage, and other by-products produced through agriculture, are likely to cause sub-surface contamination. All it takes is one place for the microbe laden water to seep through into the subsurface water of Mars, and we may end up killing off life on Mars. More specifically, the worry isn't that they interact with each other, but that our life will out compete the martians for the same resources. Backwards contamination is less of a concern, at least right now, as we may not be that biocompatible and it is extremely unlikely that the Martians will have the right proteins etc to get past our cell membranes and make us sick. The most plausible disease scenario is the one discussed in the Expanse, where an alien organism finds its way into the vitreous humor of the eyes and starts growing there, causing blindness.

d883kd8 5y ago

Why do you assume Earth microbes would outcompete martian microbes in their native environment?

AnimalMuppet 5y ago
Yeah. More, why do you assume that martian microbes would not kill us? We don't just need quarantine to protect life on Mars. We need quarantine to protect life on Earth. (Presuming that this actually is life, which, despite the tantalizing hints, is still a presumption...)
- echelon 5y ago
  >> Why do you assume Earth microbes would outcompete martian microbes in their native environment? > Yeah. More, why do you assume that martian microbes would not kill us? While we can't conclusively argue one way or the other, I wager that life on Earth has probably been subjected to a wider range of states than life on Mars. Our life has explored evolutionary state space from geothermal, oceanic, and hundreds of terrestrial environments. Our microorganisms fiercely compete, and if one of them finds a new optima, the ecosystem adjusts. While there could be some higher metabolomic maxima that life on Mars discovered, I'd wager it is statistically less likely. An interesting way this thesis might be compromised however is if alien life uses an altogether different and (probably simpler) biochemistry. All life on Earth sits atop a remarkably uniform platform. Maybe alien life won't pay the same expenses for maintenance of cells and information, and they could compete metabolically in that sense.
  - AnimalMuppet 5y ago
    > I'd wager it is statistically less likely. Yeah... let's not wager the entire human race on "statistically less likely, OK?
    - echelon 5y ago
      We've done it several times in the past. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle... https://www.insidescience.org/manhattan-project-legacy/atmosphere-on-fire https://www.insidescience.org/manhattan-project-legacy/atmos...
areoform 5y ago
Because Mars isn't carpeted with life. It is generally thought that if life does indeed exist on Mars, it's likely to be at the poles, in the ice, and/or under the surface where most of the water is. Life on Earth, on the other hand, carpets the Earth and is almost impossible to completely kill. For example, most space probes are sterilized for forward planetary protection, but they can't be completely sterilized, so they're instead sterilized to different standards. Here's the standard under COSPAR for Mars, > then the entire landed system shall be sterilized to the following levels: a surface biological burden level of 30 spores (see 5.3.2.4) and a total (surface, mated, and encapsulated) bioburden level of 1.5x10^-4 spores (see 5.3.2.4). 5.3.2.4 states, > 5.3.2.4 The 30 spore figure takes into account the occurrence of hardy organisms with respect to the sterilization modality. This specification assumes attainment of PP Category IVa surface cleanliness, followed by at least a four order-of-magnitude reduction in viable organisms. Verification of bioburden level is based on presterilization bioburden assessment and knowledge of reduction factor for the sterilization modality. Life on Earth has survived, amongst other things, - On the outside of spacecraft, for several years. - Beyond the photosphere in places like geothermal vents or the movile cave, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movile_Cave - Hyperacidic and hypersaline lakes - In volcanoes - Anoxic lakes Given that there are - almost certainly - more varieties of life in more niches on Earth, and that these species often co-exist with humans. If any large-scale settlement of Mars occur, then human by-products like sewage, and other by-products produced through agriculture, are likely to cause sub-surface contamination. All it takes is one place for the microbe laden water to seep through into the subsurface water of Mars, and we may end up killing off life on Mars. More specifically, the worry isn't that they interact with each other, but that our life will out compete the martians for the same resources. Backwards contamination is less of a concern, at least right now, as we may not be that biocompatible and it is extremely unlikely that the Martians will have the right proteins etc to get past our cell membranes and make us sick. The most plausible disease scenario is the one discussed in the Expanse, where an alien organism finds its way into the vitreous humor of the eyes and starts growing there, causing blindness.