> User space filesystem and network implementations still need access to the hardware. No, they don't. Filesystems don't need access to the hardware, that part

> User space filesystem and network implementations still need access to the hardware. No, they don't. Filesystems don't need access to the hardware, that part is handled by the block device driver. Network stacks (e.g., TCP/IP) also don't need access to the hardware, that part is handled by the network interface driver.