What is a substance? Does it have a definition in any testable theory? You claim that causation and determination were conflated, but if the distinction betwee

What is a substance? Does it have a definition in any testable theory? You claim that causation and determination were conflated, but if the distinction between them depends on terms that can't be defined scientifically, then you haven't shown that they are different in what they refer to in the universe. It's conceivable that on a physical level causality is just a word for a property of a deterministic system.