Yes, I read the paper. Try coming up with a 'consistent mental model' that works with random execution sequences. Then try again for one that works backwards.

Yes, I read the paper. Try coming up with a 'consistent mental model' that works with random execution sequences. Then try again for one that works backwards. And so on. At best this test determines which people are going to be 'easy' to teach programming. But just like sales start at 'no' teaching starts when the subject is having problems, not when it's easy.