I think it's worth noting that perfect efficiency is not a precondition for positive outcomes— much like with companies themselves. There's plenty of good CEOs

I think it's worth noting that perfect efficiency is not a precondition for positive outcomes— much like with companies themselves. There's plenty of good CEOs and efficient companies, but there's also plenty where upper-management takes ludicrous bonuses, underperform, and a lot of potential efficiency is lost in politics and incompetence. The real question is wether in spite of the inefficiencies, as a whole, unionization yields the expected results; and in general it has. Thanks to unionization we've gotten 8-hour workdays, the end of child labour and the weekend, for example. There's also data showing a strong correlation between union membership and the middle class’ overall share of income [1]. [1]: https://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/economy/news/2020/09/22/178676/unions-play-major-role-helping-americas-middle-class/ https://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/economy/news/2...